submarine fiber optic cables attacked by sharks

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In the 1980s AT&T was prototyping submarine telecom cable by laying they between the Canary Islands, where the cables were attacked by crocodile sharks

Buried in the final section of a Rand Corporation study into the feasibility of a new platform for deep-sea submarines, is a chapter about the history of submarine cable infrastructure.  In an otherwise dry paragraph about the dangers from dragged anchors and the like that submarine cables face on the ocean floor, was this sentence:

"Between 1985 and 1987, AT&T found that its first deep-sea submarine fiber optic cable (laid between the Canary Islands, Grand Canaria and Tenerife) suffered periodic outages because of frequent attacks of the Pseudocarcharias kamoharai, or crocodile shark, on the cables."

The crocodile shark.  Source

A footnote goes on to explain that "The electric fields of which, it was thought, duplicated that of the shark’s prey under attack."*

I find this fascinating, and slightly amusing, that the globally networked fiber-optic communication system could be damaged enough to cut out by a shark attacking the cable.  Information and communication technologies exist as physical abstractions, of data flows between New York and London's financial centers that dictate the rise or fall of the day's stock trades, and out of nowhere the infrastructure could fail because of a hungry and/or angry shark, at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean.

*source: Martin, Rick, “Life History and Behavior of Lamnoid Sharks,” from ReefQuest Expeditions, 2001.

corn fields and fiber optics in the Midwest

Fiber optic line markers alongside Highway 24 west of Eureka, Il.

To the west of Eureka, Illinois, on Highway 24, runs a fiber optic cable, in the non-space space of the highway border, between the asphalt and a cornfield.  When you drive into Eureka and turn south on 117, the fiber optic line continues through the residential area.

Stop sign, street sign, and fiber optic cable route marker.  Eureka, IL

Buried gas, sewer, electric, and communication infrastructure, and the overhead electrical lines.  Eureka, IL

What caught my eye and why I stopped to take these photographs, was this scene above, where it appears some digging was scheduled in the near future.  The spray paint and mini flags signify all the different buried infrastructure lines.  What seemed somewhat unique here was that the flags had the company's name on it.  Orange for communication, red for electricity, yellow for gas, green for sewers.  This is an instance of invisible,  underground systems poking through to the surface, if only for a short time.

A close up of these utility flags -- gas and fiber optic lines.  Eureka, IL

a cathedral for electricity

In a space fit for worship lost somewhere in the far, far metropolitan fringe of Northern California, is a decommissioned hydroelectric power plant, the building now used for the storage of dusty, forgotten outdated equipment.  The space's original utility was to produce electricity for an industrializing Bay Area and Central Valley, but now it sits vacant, in need of structural repair and earthquake retrofitting.

The main room of the building.  Note the railroad tracks on the bottom left, and all the windows letting in plenty of natural light -- no reliance on electrical lighting even though electricity was being produced in this space.  Photo by Alan Wiig.

Used Pelton wheel turbines -- hydraulic mining technology now used to generate hydroelectric power.

Old signage letters -- look at that font!

Antique equipment.  The truck was deteriorating but in decent shape.  The covered frame center left is possibly from a San Francisco horse-car, the pre-cable car form of urban transit that Chris Carlsson wrote about recently on Streetsblog SF.

The view of the holding reservoir right outside the power plant.  Swallows now roost throughout the building, gaining entry via broken window panes.  Their cries echoed throughout the main room during our visit.

entry points to the urban underground

Photos taken last winter on the University of Pennsylvania's campus.  I was struck by the variety of shapes and sizes of the cast iron circles, as well as how prevalent these access points are around the campus. 

Looking at the patterns of squares and circles was, at the time, something to do to distract myself from all the snow that had 

recently fallen. Now, in early August, winter seems like a distant memory.

mapping submarine fiber-optic cables

Telegeography's Global Submarine Cable Map 2010

Yesterday, via an article on The Economist magazine's website, I found out about Greg's Cable Map, which is an excellent mash-up of submarine fiber-optic cable landing locations layered onto Bing Maps.  The map effectively shows where the Internet enters and leaves each of the continents and most, if not all, of the inhabited islands in between.  While the global scale submarine cable map can be seen and even downloaded as a jpeg file at Telegeography's website, Greg's Cable Map is useful because it allows the viewer to zoom in to see the particular cities where the various submarine cables emerge from the ocean floor and connect into the terrestrial Internet grid.

Greg has also provided links to each submarine cable's owner-operator, so it is possible with a little research to see who is routing what through where regarding the major Internet Service Providers.  For instance, in Tuckerton, New Jersey, just north of Atlantic City, two cables land, the TAT-14 and the Atlantica 1.  At the TAT-14 website, there is a list of the thirty four companies that are partnered with Sprint to use the TAT-14 cable system to route Internet traffic.  While this side of the Internet is not slick and fancy, and the websites often appear ten years out of date, the information about the submarine cable systems is interesting and important.  It places in distinct space the ephemerality of bits of information traveling over the Internet's global network.  In effect, it is the global network grounded in specific locations, like Tuckerton.  Amid the sprawl of suburban New Jersey, on the border of the Pine Barrens, is a landing point for a cable that, while anonymous and indistinct, forms part of a global communication network that we all rely on daily.  Effectively, Tuckerton is part of the everyday landscape of the Internet that is accessible through the screen of our computer or mobile phone, but also present in submarine cables like the TAT-14.

Tuckerton, New Jersey, the landing point of two submarine fiber-optic cables.  Image taken from cablemap.info

 ...a final note -- after looking at the map, I am almost positive that the map does not show the actual location of the landing point.  Finding these actual spots would require some fieldwork that I hopefully will be able to begin this fall.

cellular phone infrastructure in Philadelphia

A small selection of cellular phone sites throughout Philadelphia.  Top to bottom, left to 
right:  Washington Ave around 22nd St.; off 5th St. north of Spring Garden; 6th St at Spring 
Garden -- note the rectangular transmitters on the roof of the building and Verizon's large 
tower in the background; transmitters on top of St. Peter's Church of Christ at Kingsessing 
Ave. and 47th St.; North Broad St. near Erie Ave.; South Philadelphia near Front St.; South
Broad St.and Tasker St. with cell site directly on top of an apartment building; Spring Garden
between 3rd St. and 4th St.;  off 13th St. just north of Washington Ave. 


                                                (for a larger version of the image, click here

As the utility of cell phones increases, especially as they become mobile, pocketable, Internet-ready computers, the web of infrastructure required to keep these devices connected (I hesitate to even call them phones since they multi-task so extensively) increases.  To have a signal strong enough to check one's email or location requires a cell site close nearby, wherever and whenever that location is.  Consequently, these in-between, interstitial non-spaces, wedged in at the edge of a major freeway off-ramp for instance, or on top of an apartment building or church,  become integral to all of our everyday lives.  When people rely on an always-on connection to a communication network, the geography of these spaces of radio-signal transmission become as important as the asphalt and concrete geography of the city.

There is plenty to write about this, so stay tuned and I will make an attempt this summer to post more often...thanks for reading.

soon to be cut

...asphalt around a Philadelphia Water Dept. manhole cover. 48th and Warrington.

mobility

in the physical, industrial economy. Grays Ferry Bridge, Philadelphia.

cell tower

on Spring Garden, with the Philadelphia Art Museum in the background.

Creating the Digital City: Geographies of the Internet's Infrastructure

(click on the image to enlarge)
A collage of photos of data centers and colocation points.  photos by author; left to right from top down:  Digital Realty Trust at 833 Chestnut, Philadelphia; 365 Main at 720 2nd St, Oakland (the large white building in center distance); 60 Hudson St, New York City; 365 Main at 365 Main St, San Francisco; Quonix Networks at 2401 Locust St, Philadelphia; Terminal Commerce Building (on the left) at 401 North Broad St, Philadelphia; Level 3 Oakland at 1313 53rd St, Emeryville.

This coming Sunday I will be presenting at the Association of American Geographers 2010 Annual Meeting in Washington, DC.  My abstract is below; the image above is a collage of some of the photos that make up my research over the past few months into the landscape of cyberinfrastructure.  If anyone reading this is able to come to the session, please introduce yourself.


Creating the Digital City: Geographies of the Internet's Infrastructure

is part of the Paper Session:
Theorizing the Digital City



Abstract:
The digital city is here, and although this space has been theorized for at least a decade, there is little research into the infrastructural networks that support these emergent urban landscapes. While geographers have critically examined the role of traditional infrastructures—water, sewer, streets, electricity, and telephone—in creating modern cities, little attention has been paid to the role of the Internet's infrastructure in creating urban spaces today. The geographers that directly study the Internet have traditionally done so either from an economic geography standpoint or from the perspective of the utility of the cyberspace itself. This presentation aims to address how the Internet reaches our computer screens and mobile phones via the infrastructural networks that ground the technologies in the urban landscape. This presentation will situate the social and spatial impacts of the digital city's physical infrastructure: the data centers and fiber optic cables as well as the hertzian spaces that merge to provide ubiquitous Internet connectivity for the contemporary city. For example, what is the historic development of urban data centers: where are they sited and why, and how do these businesses interact with their surroundings. The methodological utility of different theoretical approaches, ranging from urban political ecology to postmodernism, will be critiqued and then applied using central Philadelphia as a case study. Understanding how we conceptualize proximity and how the scale and interdependence of interactions are fundamentally changing within these networked ecologies is a needed component for studying urban spaces today and into the future.